Ralstonia solanacearum species complex phylotype IV strains, which have been primarily isolated from Indonesia, Australia, Japan, Korea, and Malaysia, have undergone recent taxonomic and nomenclatural changes to be placed in the species Ralstonia syzygii. This species contains three subspecies; Ralstonia syzygii subsp. Syzygii, a pathogen causing Sumatra disease of clove trees in Indonesia, Ralstonia syzygii subsp. Indonesiensis, the causal pathogen of bacterial wilt disease on a wide range of host plants, and Ralstonia syzygii subsp. Celebesensis, the causal pathogen of blood disease on Musa spp. Microsoft efi fat32 file system specification design pattern. In Indonesia, these three subspecies have devastated the cultivation of susceptible host plants which have high economic value. Limited knowledge on the ecology and epidemiology of the diseases has hindered the development of effective control strategies. In this review, we provide insights into the ecology, epidemiology and disease control of these three subspecies of Ralstonia syzygii. Introduction Indonesian agriculture is dedicated to the production of food crops for local consumption by an ever expanding population (), agriculture also plays a significant role in the Indonesian economy (). From 2001 to 2008, national spending on agriculture increased from 11 billion rupiah to 53 billion rupiah, which is an average increase of 11% annually (). Plant and animal diseases are primary constraints affecting agricultural production, especially in tropical countries such as Indonesia (;; ). Bacterial wilt disease, caused by members of the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex, is a serious disease of crop plants in Indonesia. Ranked bacterial wilt as the 6th most detrimental plant pest and disease in Indonesia after the damage caused by rats ( Ratus spp.), stem borers ( Scirpophaga innotata, S. Incertula, and Chilo suppressalis), bacterial rice blight ( Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae), the brown planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens) and the oriental leafworm moth ( Spodoptera litura and S. Bacterial wilt disease on Musa spp., called blood disease, was first reported on Selayar Island, South Sulawesi (formerly Celebes) in 1906. The local people named the disease “blood disease” to reflect the reddish brown bacterial exudate secreted from internal vascular tissue of pseudostems and fruits of infected bananas (). Bacterial wilt affecting Syzygium aromaticum trees, Sumatra disease or wooden vessel bacteria on S. Hp scanjet 5p manual. Aromaticum, was first observed in Sumatra, Indonesia in 1975 (). In Indonesia, bacterial wilt disease occurs on a wide varieties of crops and both blood disease of banana and Sumatra disease of clove have significantly impacted the banana and clove industries, respectively. The impact on banana production due to blood disease was estimated to be approximately 36% in 1991 (). In Lampung, Southern Sumatra, losses due to blood disease have been estimated to reach 64% (). Production of S. Aromaticum has decreased rapidly since 1996, mainly due to Sumatra disease (). Phylogeny, Classification and Geographic Distribution of R. Syzygii Subspecies Members of the R. Solanacearum species complex have the most diverse host range and widest geographic distribution of any plant pathogenic bacterium (). The term “species complex” was introduced by to indicate the high degree of phenotypic and genotypic diversity within the species R. Within the R. Solanacearum species complex, four genetic groups, termed phylotypes, have been defined (; ). Dec 27, 2017 - Budidaya cacing tanah - Download as Word Doc (.doc), PDF File (.pdf). Gloomy and falciforme spleen budidaya cabai merah dalam polybag. Kegiatan budidaya cabai merah saat ini sudah banyak beralih sistem yang lebih maju, misalnya penanaman dengan menggunakan mulsa plastik hitam perak dan penggunaan benih hibrida.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |